Douwe's signature in 1685 - one handwriting for Douwe,
another for Gerbrandts Steyn
main | Steyns | Conrad | Douwe | Johannes | Michael | names | surnames
Born around 1631. Died 1700. Age: about 69
The Netherlands, Friesland Province, Church Records, 1543-1911 contains an entry of the baptism of someone that might be Douw Gerbrandt (Gerbens). This baptism took place on 10 July 1631.
It is uncertain when Douwe Gerbens / Gerbrand (Steyn) arrived in Cape -- probably in 1669. By 1672.06.08 he was definitely in the Cape, having signed as witness a document on that date. He died about 30 years later in March or April 1700 in the Cape. His name was most probably Douwe Gerbens, but as he is known in literature as Douwe Gerbrandts Steyn, I will use this name to avoid confusion. Most people bearing the surname Steyn in South Africa today are descendents of Douwe Gerbens Steyn.
NOTE
Spelling conventions were not as established as they are today, and in the records
many variations of names can be found.
The standard interpretation for the origin of the lineage of the South African Douwe Gerbrands Steyn comes from De Villiers and Pama. This interpretation states that Douwe is the father of the Steyns, that he arrived at the Cape of Good Hope in 1668 (but there is no record of this date) from Leeuwarden, and that he married Maria Lozee on 1685.08.19. But see how the archive record states their marriage:
Douwe gerbrandts van Leeuwaarden en Maria loozee van de caap
Note
the name Steijn does not appear in this record.
The name Steijn also seems to be written in a different style in this undated signature:
Note how Douwe is in one style, and Gerbrand Steijn in another. There are thus two different people who signed here. The fancy style of Douwe suggests that the scribe wrote this name, while someone with lesser "letter skills" wrote the other two names.
Compare this with a later signature, which will be explained below.
Douwe's signature of 1699 - a third writing style?
The handwriting style of this signature is different to the two styles above - note particularly the "S", the descender in the first signature. Either this was signed by a third person, or the second signer of the first developed a new style.
Based on the evidence provided by the signatures, and other evidence below, the most likely conclusion is that the person known today as Douwe Gerbrandt Steyn was most probably first known as Douwe Gerbens.
There was an existing Steijn surname in Northern Holland, so the surname was not unknown. Douwe was a mason in the Cape and the Dutch for stone is steen or steijn. It seems that Douwe took on the surname Steijn some time in his adult life.
Jacobus Steyn was Douwe's stepson in the Cape. It is not known who Jacobus' father was, but this stepson also used the surname Steyn. The majority of Steyns found today in South Africa are descendents of this Jacobus Steyn. The roots of this family are uncertain. The surname Steyn may be an assumed name. The father of the bearer of this surname is unknown, and the mother was a slave girl of unknown origin.
Douwe's marriage record (which does not contain the name Steijn) states that he came form Leeuwarden, situated in Friesland (The Netherlands). According to the archivist of Leeuwarden, Ms R Visscher* no child with the name Steijn was baptised in the Nederlandsche Hervormde Kerk between the dates 1627 and 1667, or even earlier. She speculates that Douwe's "surname" was probably Gerbens. In the Friesch language Gerbrandt often becomes Gerbren or Gerben. Visscher found the following records in the Leeuwarden archives:
A certain Douwe Gerbens bought a house in Leeuwarden in the year 1663 (nine years before the first written record of a person with such a name at the Cape of Good hope), two years after the birth of Aege Douwe Gerbens. This man was married to Ricxt Egberts (compare with Eetske Ritskes above). Variation in the spelling of names was common, and also not as precise as today.
Assuming that baptism always occurred at a very young age, it is unlikely that Aege Douwe Gerbens (baptised 1661) is the child of Douwe Gerbrens and Eetske Ritske, as that would mean he was born 23 years after their wedding (1638), which is highly unlikely.
I suspect that given the similar names, perhaps the Douwe Gerbens of the Cape of Good Hope might have been a son of a Douwe Gerbens of the Leeuwarden area. The Douwe of the Cape married Maria loozee in 1685 and they had a daughter baptised in 1692. The marriage in Leeuwarden took place 47 years earlier in 1638, thus very unlikely that this is the same person.
This almost half a century between the marriages, and the fact that Age was born 23 years after the first wedding, leads me to the conclusion there were two Douwe Gerbens in Leeuwarden, the elder perhaps the father of the younger. If Douwe of the Cape is the son of Douwe of Leeuwarden, and born in 1638 or 1639, he would have been a young man of 22 or 23 when Aege Douwe Gerbens was baptised.
This table summarises the known dates in chronological order. Note the different spellings of Gerbens and Gerbrens.
| Douwe Gerbens | Douwe Gerbrens | |
|---|---|---|
| Mason | Soldier | |
| 1631 | Douwe Gerbens possibly born | |
| 1631 | 10 July 1631 Baptism | |
| Married Ricxt Egberts - date? | ||
| 1638 | Married Eetske Ritskes, widow of Tiard Direx. 1638.01.24 This is obviously a different Douwe, as the Douwe in the first column would have been 7 years old in 1638. |
|
| 1661 | 1661.10.11 Aege Douwe Gerbens baptised; son with Ricxt Egberts DG 30 years old |
|
| 1663 | Bought a house in Leeuwarden in the year 1663 DG 32 years old |
|
| 1668 | Arrived at the Cape of Good Hope in 1668? DG 37 years old |
|
| 1672 | Signed as witness DG 41 years old |
|
| 1683 | Jacobus baptised? DG 52 years old |
|
| 1685 | Married Maria loozee van de caap in 1685 DG 54 years old |
|
| 1685 | Jacobus baptised? DG 54 years old |
|
| 1687 | Will of 1687: leaves his estate to Age Douwes Stein of Amsterdam DG 56 years old |
|
| 1700 | Died 1700. DG 69 years old |
On 11 October 1661 Aege Douwe Gerbens was baptised in the Nederlandsche Hervormde Kerk in Leeuwarden. Aege is a variation of Age. Douwe Gerbrand Steyn arrived in the Cape of Good Hope from Leeuwarden some time between 1669 and 1672, so it is very likey that the baptism of Aege Douwe Gerbens refers to a child of Douwe Gerbens Steyn.
In Douwe Gerbrand Steyn's will of 1687 he leaves his estate to his son Age Douwes Stein of Amsterdam. The estate included property in the village Weidom near Leeuwarden.
It seems that the surname Steyn was adopted by both Douwe and Age. Remember that the convention of using surnames was not yet consistent in those days.
The Douwe Steijn of the Cape was the baasmetselaar in charge of the rennovations of the fort built during the time of Jan van Riebeeck. In today's terminology, baasmetselaar was probably the main building constructor. In those days certain skills could only be performed if belonging to guilds, and training must have been received from a guild member.
If he arrived at the Cape in this position, he should have been qualified as mason in the Netherlands. However, the name Douwe Gerbrandts or Gerbens does not appear in the Mason Guild Book between 1640 and 1670. This book only contains the names of leerjongens (apprentices) who qualified as masters and the names of the examiners in Leeuwarden, so one cannot conclude much except that if Douwe Steijn was a qualified mason, he either was not examined in Leeuwarden, or perhaps the records are incomplete. Perhaps he qualified somewhere else before he settled in Leeuwarden. Note that the Douwe Gerbrens married to Eetske Ritskes was in the military, and obviously moved around with the troups. It is quite possible that this is how he was licenced as mason, if indeed he was properly qualified.
In Douwe Gerbrand Steyn's will of 1687 he leaves his property in Weidum near Leeuwarden to his son Age Douwez Stein (citizen of Amsterdam). There are existing records of farm owners in the Leeuwarden archives. The name Douwe Gerbrandts or Gerbens does not appear in the record of 1640, but then this record only contains voter names and not farm houses or lands which did not have the vote. It is thus possible that Douwe owned land but did not have voting privileges.
The northern part of the present Holland was the Hollandsche province, and the southern part the Friesche province. The surname Steyn seems to have originated in the northern part (Hollandsce province). According to Dutch heraldic history there is a Hollandsche surname Steijn in Haarlem.
No Steyns seem to have come from Friesland (where Leeuwarden is located), and as shown above, Douwe Gerbrands Steyn's surname was most probably Gerbens.
It is of course possible that Douwe Gerbrands Steyn was originally from the north and moved south to Leeuwarden. This seems unlikely as movement was not so easy during those times, but of course not impossible.
Records in the Cape do not state when a Douwe Gerbens or Douwe Gerbens Steyn arrived. The following variations on this name are found in the records.
In the Company's register of 1669 the name Symon Gerbrandts from Sneek (in Friesland) appears as mason. This name also appears in the registers of 1667 (probably) and 1668, but not in 1671 and 1672. As the name Symon is never mentioned in association with Douwe, this might have been another person. It is of course possible though, that this Symon was family to Douwe.
The first record of Douwe Gerbrants Steyn's name at the Cape is as witness in a document dated 1672.06.08. His name also appears in an undated list of church members. The name appears third after governer Goske, who arrived in the Cape 1672.10.02 by which time Douwe must then obviously have been in the Cape. Given this evidence it can be concluded that Douwe was thus definitely at the Cape by 1672, that is twenty years after Jan Van Riebeeck started the outpost.
In the Company's register only three masons are mentioned in 1671, none of which is Douwe. A year later, in the register of 1672, nineteen masons are mentioned, and Douwe as the superintendent. The fort obviously required major maintenance.
In Holland, Douwe was maried to Ricxt Egberts, and they had a son Aege Douwe Gerbens, who was baptised on 11 October 1661.
In the Cape of Good Hope, Douwe got married for the second time, roughly 24 years later. It is not known what had happened to Ricxt Egberts.
Douwe's marriage record of 1685.08.19 states:
Douwe gerbrandts van Leeuwaarden en Maria loozee van de caap
The marriage between Douwe and Maria Lozee in the Cape resulted in only one child who was baptised 7 years later (1692.08.24), a daughter called Anna. She married Marthinus Prins.
Maria had a son, Jacobus (or Jacob), but different sources give different baptismal dates. He was either baptised 29 August 1683, thus 2 years before their marriage, or 1685, which was the year of their marriage. He was either the son of Douwe's extramarital affair with this slave girl, or Jacobus' father is unknown. It is of course likely that if Jacobus was born in 1685, Douwe married the mother because of her being pregnant with his child.
Douwe had a son, Age Douwez Stein from a previous marriage, but this son remained in Amsterdam. Douwe's Dutch estate was bequeathed to this son. No mention of other children is found in this will. Given the scant evidence it cannot be concluded with absolute certainty that Jacobus was his biological son - some commentators are of the opinion that the son was that of a visiting sailor.
Records from the Cape archives indicate that Douwe had the following acquaintances in the Cape.
In February 1683 a farm was assigned to Douwe Gerbrants Steyn in Stellenbosch. After about 4 years in 1687 he sold this farm to Van den Brink. Thirteen years later in 1710 this farm acquired the name Oude Molen. Its location was as follows:
Between 1692 and 1694 Steyn was the owner of Rustenburg, nowadays known as Stellenrust on the way between the present Stellenbosch and Strand.
On 1687.05.18 (thirteen years before his death in 1700) Douwe signed his will in the presence of secretary JG de Grevenbroek. Douwe's name is given as Douwe Gerbrandt Stein metzelaar (metzelaar is Dutch for mason). Note that the use of capital letters was inconsistent, and that Stein is Dutch for stone, so the phrase could have referred to Douwe Gerbens who was a stone mason, although the son is called Age Douwez Stein.
Only one heir is mentioned, namely Age Douwez Stein. The will of 1687 reads as follows:
Verschijnd voor mij JG de grevenbroek secretaris deses Commandements Douw Gerbrant Stein metzelaar in dienst der e Comp, hier bescheide, dewelke in tegenwoordigheid der ondergeschreve getuigen verklaarde, getransport:
gecedeerd, en in vollen eigendom overgelaten te hebben, gelijk hij transporteert, cedeerd en in vollen eigendom uijt vaderlijke leivde mist desen overlaat an soon Age Douwez Stein Burger tot Amsterdam, alle sijne so roerende als roerende goederen, egene uitgesonderd, die hem comparant in 't vaderland toebehoren en eigen zijn, en particulierlijk sijn huijsen en erven in 't dorp Weidom bij Leeuwarden in Vriesland gelegen, om daarmee te doen en te handelen als met sijn eigene geacquireerde goederen, en so hijh best te rade werden sal
On 31 August 1699 another will was written. Here is the signature from that will dated. Note that the signature reads DG Steijn, unlike the earlier signature above.
Apart from the personal slaves that accompanied the Van Riebeek entourage in 1652, the first additional slaves were 2 people from Madagascar brought by the ship Tulp in December 1654 along with a cargo of rice. In 1657 the VoC approved the use of slaves in the Cape. The slaves were to be collected from the west coast of Africa. Angola had the closest slave market, run by the Portuguese. The VoC limited Van Riebeeck to a maximum of 80-100 slaves, while the surplus had to be sent along to Batavia (present-day Jakarta, Indonesia).
The VoC made two ships available to Van Riebeeck to collect slaves. Before these ships arrived at the Cape, a Dutch merchant ship, the Amersfoort, pirated 250 people captured by the Portuguese to serve as slaves in South America. This happened off the coast of Angola. Only 174 made it alive in the Cape on 28 March 1658. The majority of these slaves were children.
He was further instructed:
You are to treat the slaves well and kindly, to make them the better accustomed to and well disposed towards us; they are to be taught all kinds of trades, that in course of time the advantage of such instruction may be beneficial to yourselves, and a large number of Europeans excused. They are also to be taught agriculture as it would be too expensive to fee such a lot of people from Holland and India
Although the VoC plan was to obtain slaves from west Africa, in reality only two shiploads of slaves came from there:
These slaves had names such as Calle, Ignore, Lambo, Leidzare, Mironde, and Ratzi, which are no longer known.
Before 1666, some slaves came from Bengal (India). In 1659-1261 there was a famine in Corimondal (Cholamandalam) on the east coast of India and slaves form this region were exported to Ceylon, Batavia and Malacca, but no the Cape.
After the 1660s most new slaves in the Cape came from Macassar and Sulawesi (Indonesia) and Malaysia.
Slaves were given common European names, such as Andries, Anna, Catharina and David, or exotic names from Greek and Roman history or mythology, such as Augustyn, Coridon, Cupido, Fortuyn, Ocatvia, Scipio and Titus.
There often were evenup to 600 slaves in the Cape, but Van Riebeeck, following the instructions of the VoC kept maximum slaves to stay on in the Cape at 100, the rest forwarded to Batavia. Due to poor living conditions in the Cape, the mortality rate was high among slaves.
Record-keeping of slaves by the VoC company was excellent, but not so those kept by the free Dutch farmers. These Vrij burghers were not in service of the company. Many of them previously worked for the VoC until contracts expired,and stayed on instead of going back to Holland. Most of the slaves working for the Vrij burghers were from Indonesia and Malaysia
There at least four interpretations about the origins of Maria Lozee. Much more research is required to determine more facts.
Some claims are made that she was the daughter of Joannes Coon (perhaps Koen) and Marij van Angola and born around 1666 in Stellenbosch, de Caep de Goede Hoop. If so, she was about 19 years old when she married Douwe Gerbens Steyn.
HF Heese refers to Maria Lossee (Lozee), and in marriage documents her name is stated as Maria loozee van de caap. The custom was to give a slave a western first name (thus Maria), while the "surname" often referred to the place of origin of the slave (in this case, born in the Cape, which makes Stellenbosch a possibility).
A third possibility is that Lossee or Lozee is not an original surname, but refers to the Slave Quarters, in Afrikaans Slawe losie, or in English Slave Lodgings
A fourth possibility is that she was from Java (Indonesia).
If Maria was born around born around 1666, her parents must have been born before 1651. Before 1666 slaves came from Angola, India and Guinea. If Coon and Marij were indeed her parents, the must have originated from on of these regions. It is stated that Marij was from Angola, but Coon's place of origin is unknown.
None of the above is certain, apart from the fact that she is referred to in marriage documents as Maria loozee van de caap.
Two presidents (Kruger and Steyn) of the old southern African republics are descendents of this slave girl. In Governor van der Stel's time about half the children born in the slave quarters were of mixed blood, which means that the European settlers frequented the quarters as often as other slaves within the quarters. Whether Douwe Gerbens visited Maria there is not known. It is also not known whether he married her as slave or as free person. It is further not known for certain that Douwe Gerbens was the father of her son Jacobus.
Douwe Gerbrandts Steyn and Maria Lozee married on 1685.08.19. After Douwe's death in 1700, in 1701 she married Paul Heyns.
Douwe Gerbrandts Steyn and Maria Lozee had one child: Anna (or Antje), baptised 1692.08.24, who married Marthinus Prins.
Douwe Gerbrandt Steijn's stepson (or perhaps biological son), Jacobus (whose mother is Maria Lozee) took on the surname Steijn. Jacobus was baptised in 1683 (according to De Villiers) or 1685 (according to Heese). If he was indeed baptised in 1685, there is a possibility that Douwe was his father and that it was a forced marriage.
There is also a bit of confusion as to who he married. Some suggest he was married to Maria Janz on 4 October 1706 in Stellenbosch.
Another version states that Jacobus Steijn married Marrietjie Pottegieter, or Maria Potgieter, or Maria Hermanz Potgieter on 1706.10.04. Douwe probably was her godfather.
Jacobus and Marrietjie's children were the following. Also see the complete list of descendents of Jacobus Steijn (which follows De Villiers). I obtained this list below in copy format and its origin is unknown.
Maria baptised
on 1707.08.14 by preacher le Boucq. Witnesses: Paulus Heijns and Maria losee
Douwe baptised on
1709.01.20. Witnesses: Gerrit Roomont and Anna SteijnHermanus baptised
on 1711.07.12. Witnesses: Johannes Harmanz Potgieter and Beatrix Harmanz Potgieter.
He was still alive in Swellendam in 1793.Sibella baptised
1714Maria baptised
on 1727.09.21 After death of older Maria*
Some information on this page comes from an article "Steyn: die stamboom
van 'n Afrikaner famielie" published by John Muir on 11 December 1931 in
Huisgenoot. Thanks to Maureen McCleland for the reference.
©1999 Jacques Steyn